3. Deployment Architecture
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## 3. Deployment Architecture

The Virgo Tomcat Server offers several choices when it comes to deploying applications. Each choice offers certain advantages, and it is important to understand those in order to make the right choice for your application. In this chapter, we take a closer look at the choices offered, compare them, and provide guidelines in choosing the right one based on your specific needs.

The VTS supports standard self-contained WAR files thus allowing you to use the Virgo Tomcat Server as an enhanced web server. The VTS also supports the Shared Libraries WAR format which allows for slimmer WAR files that depend on OSGi bundles instead of including JAR files inside the WAR. The Shared Services WAR format allows developers to further reduce the complexity of standard WARs by deploying services and infrastructure bundles alongside the WAR. A shared services WAR will then consume the services published by those bundles. To complete the picture, the VTS supports the new OSGi-standard Web Application Bundle deployment format for web applications that builds on the benefits provided by a shared services WAR. In addition to this, VTS provides additional conveniences for developing and deploying Spring MVC-based web applications.

For applications consisting of multiple bundles and web applications, plans and the PAR format are the primary deployment models that take advantage of OSGi capabilities. We will explore all of these formats and their suitability later in this guide.

## 3.1 Supported Deployment Formats

The Virgo Tomcat Server supports applications packaged in the following formats:

1. Raw OSGi Bundles

2. Java EE WAR

3. Web Application Bundles

4. PARs

5. Plans

6. Configurations

When you deploy an application to the VTS, each deployment artifact (e.g., a single bundle, WAR, PAR, or plan) passes through a deployment pipeline. This deployment pipeline is responsible for processing applications of certain types (i.e., application type). The 3.0.3.RELEASE release of the VTS natively supports deployers analogous to each of the aforementioned packaging options.

Let’s take a closer look now at each of the supported deployment and packaging options to explore which one is best suited to your application.

### Raw OSGi Bundles

At its core, the Virgo Tomcat Server is an OSGi container. Thus any OSGi-compliant bundle can be deployed directly on the VTS unmodified. You’ll typically deploy an application as a single bundle or a set of stand-alone bundles if you’d like to publish or consume services globally within the container via the OSGi Service Registry.

### WAR Deployment Formats

For Web Application Archives (WAR), the Virgo Tomcat Server provides support for the following three formats.

1. Standard WAR

2. Shared Libraries WAR

3. Shared Services WAR

Each of these formats plays a distinct role in the incremental migration path from a standard Java EE WAR to an OSGi-ified web application.

#### Standard WAR

Standard WAR files are supported directly in the VTS. At deployment time, the WAR file is transformed into an OSGi bundle and installed into Tomcat. All the standard WAR contracts are honoured, and your existing WAR files should just drop in and deploy without change. Support for standard, unmodified WAR files allows you to try out the Virgo Tomcat Server on your existing web applications and then gradually migrate toward the Shared Libraries WAR and Shared Services WAR formats.

In addition to the standard support for WARs that you would expect from Tomcat, the VTS also enables the following features:

1. Spring-driven load-time weaving (see Section 6.8.4, “Load-time weaving with AspectJ in the Spring Framework").

2. Diagnostic information such as FFDC (first failure data capture)

The main benefit of this application style is familiarity -- developers know how to create a WAR file! You can take advantage of the VTS’s added feature set without modifying the application. The application can also be deployed on other Servlet containers or Java EE application servers.

You may choose this application style if the application is fairly simple and small. You may also prefer this style even for large and complex applications as a starting point and migrate to the other styles over time as discussed in Chapter 5, Migrating to OSGi .

#### Shared Libraries WAR

If you have experience with developing and packaging web applications using the standard WAR format, you’re certainly familiar with the pains of library bloat. So, unless you’re installing shared libraries in a common library folder for your Servlet container, you have to pack all JARs required by your web application in `/WEB-INF/lib`. Prior to the release of the Virgo Tomcat Server, such library bloat has essentially been the norm for web applications, but now there is a better solution! The Shared Libraries WAR format reduces your application’s deployment footprint and eradicates library bloat by allowing you to declare dependencies on libraries via standard OSGi manifest headers such as `Import-Package` and `Require-Bundle` . The VTS provides additional support for simplifying dependency management via the `Import-Library` and `Import-Bundle` manifest headers which are essentially macros that get expanded into OSGi-compliant `Import-Package` statements.

| Tip
For detailed information on which libraries are already available, check out the SpringSource Enterprise Bundle Repository .

#### Shared Services WAR

Once you’ve begun taking advantage of declarative dependency management with a Shared Libraries WAR, you’ll likely find yourself wanting to take the next step toward reaping further benefits of an OSGi container: sharing services between your OSGi-compliant bundles and your web applications. By building on the power and simplicity of Spring-DM, the Shared Services WAR format puts the OSGi Service Registry at your finger tips. As a best practice you’ll typically publish services from your domain, service, and infrastructure bundles via `<osgi:service ... />` and then consume them in your web application’s ApplicationContext via `<osgi:reference ... />`. Doing so promotes programming to interfaces and allows you to completely decouple your web-specific deployment artifacts from your domain model, service layer, etc., and that’s certainly a step in the right direction. Of the three supported WAR deployment formats, the Shared Services WAR is by far the most attractive in terms of modularity and reduced overall footprint of your web applications.

#### WARs and the Gemini Web Container

Virgo Tomcat Server fully supports the OSGi Web Applications standard. Using the reference implementation from Gemini Web that was developed by SpringSource from an offshoot of the original VTS codebase. This RI is now fully integrated in VTS as the basis of the support for web application deployment.

The OSGi Web Applications specification introduces the concept of a Web Application Bundle, which is a WAR that is also a bundle. The specification defines how WAR files are transformed into bundles automatically as needed.

You can find an introduction to the Web Container in blog entries written by the Virgo team here and here.

##### Extensions to the Web Container

Virgo Tomcat Server provides a variety of extensions to the Web Container that allow you to construct sophisticated applications. The table below summarises the extensions that are available or in development.

Table 3.1.

Feature | Description
--- | ---
Instrumentable ClassLoaders | All web bundle ClassLoaders are instrumentable by Spring’s load-time weaving infrastructure.
Support for exploded bundles/WARs | Bundles/WARs in directory form can be deployed as Web Application Bundles
Support for scanning TLDs in dependencies | As per the Web Application specification, all TLDs located inside a web bundle are located using the rules defined in the JSP 2.1 specification. In VTS, the dependencies of a Web Application Bundle are also scanned for TLDs following the rules outlined in JSP 2.1

### PAR

A PAR is a standard JAR which contains all of the modules of your application (e.g., service, domain, and infrastructure bundles as well as a WAR or web module for web applications) in a single deployment unit. This allows you to deploy, refresh, and undeploy your entire application as a single entity. If you are familiar with Java EE, it is worth noting that a PAR can be considered a replacement for an EAR (Enterprise Archive) within the context of an OSGi container. As an added bonus, modules within a PAR can be refreshed independently and on-the-fly, for example via the Virgo Tomcat Server Tool Suite (see Chapter 7, Tooling).

Many of the benefits of the PAR format are due to the underlying OSGi infrastructure, including:

- Fundamentally modularized applications: instead of relying on fuzzy boundaries between logical modules in a monolithic application, this style promotes physically separated modules in the form of OSGi bundles. Then each module may be developed separately, promoting parallel development and loose coupling.

- Robust versioning of various modules: the versioning capability offered by OSGi is much more comprehensive than alternatives. Each module can specify a version range for each of its dependencies. Bundles are isolated from each other in such a way that multiple versions of a bundle may be used simultaneously in an application.

- Improved manageability: each bundle may be deployed or undeployed in a running application. This allows modifying the existing application to fix bugs, improve performance, and even to add new features without having to restart the application.

Furthermore, PARs scope the bundles of your application within the VTS. Scoping provides both a physical and logical application boundary, effectively shielding the internals of your application from other PARs deployed within the VTS. This means your application doesn’t have to worry about clashing with other running applications (e.g., in the OSGi Service Registry). You get support for load-time weaving, classpath scanning, context class loading, etc., and the VTS does the heavy lifting for you to make all this work seamlessly in an OSGi environment. If you want to take full advantage of all that the Virgo Tomcat Server and OSGi have to offer, packaging and deploying your applications as a PAR is a good choice, although plans are an even better one, as described in the next section.

| OSGi != multiple JARs
Note that while physically separated modules can, in theory, be implemented simply using multiple JARs, complex versioning requirements often make this impractical. For example, consider the situation depicted in the diagram below. Bundle A depends on version 1.0.0 of bundle B and version 2.0.0 of bundle C. Bundle B depends on version 1.0.0 of bundle C. Suppose that versions 1.0.0 and 2.0.0 of bundle C are neither backward nor forward compatible. Traditional monolithic applications cannot handle such situations: either bundle A or bundle B would need reworking which undermines truly independent development. OSGi’s versioning scheme enables this scenario to be implemented in a robust manner. If it is desirable to rework the application to share a single version of C, then this can be planned in and is not forced.

### Plans

A plan is similar to a PAR in that it encapsulates all of the artifacts of your application in a single deployment unit. The main difference, however, is that a plan is simply an XML file that lists the artifacts of your application; a PAR, by contrast, is an actual JAR file that physically contains the artifacts. Just like a PAR, you deploy, refresh, and undeploy a plan as a single entity. We highly recommends the use of plans for creating applications.

When you create a plan, you can specify that the included bundles and services are in a scope that isolates them from the rest of Virgo Tomcat Server and its deployments. This scoping ensures that the bundles wire to each other and see each other’s services in preference to services from outside the scope. Scoping also prevents application code from leaking into the global scope or scope of another application. In addition, a plan can link the lifecycle of a group of bundles together atomically, which ensures that start, stop, and uninstall events on a single artifact in the plan are escalated to all artifacts in the plan. You can, however, disable both of these features by simply setting an attribute in the plan.

The general benefits of using plans are similar to those of using PARs; see PAR for details. Plans offer added benefits, however, such as the ability to control the deployment order of your application: the order in which you list artifacts in the plan’s XML file is the order in which VTS deploys them. Additionally, because plans specify the artifacts that make up an application by reference, it is easier to share artifacts between plans as well as update individual parts of a plan without having to physically repackage (re-JAR) it.

### Configurations

A Configuration is simply a Java properties file. When deployed it will be recognised by the deployer and installed in to Configuration Admin for later use by your applications. VTS supports both singleton (ManagedService) and factory (ManagedServiceFactory) configurations. (see section 104.6 in the Compendium Specification)

For a singleton configuration the name that it will be installed under is its filename minus the `.properties` extension. Factory Configuration is supported by specifying the service.factoryPid property. In this case actual PID will be created by Configuration Admin (see section 104.6 in the Compendium Specification).

How to consume configuration data is discussed later.

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